Sunday, 22 April 2012
03:38 | Posted by
Jendela Ilmu |
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Present Perfect Tense digunakan untuk menghubungkan masa lampau dengan masa sekarang. Kegunaan utamanya adalah untuk menunjukkan relevansi tindakan atau situasi masa lampau dengan kondisi sekarang. Contoh:
- John has gone home (telah pulang ke rumah)
Bentuk
Present Perfect dibuat dengan have/has (kata kerja bantu “to have”) dan past participle (kata kerja bentuk ke-3). Contoh:
- I have worked in London.
- She has worked in a bank.
Berikut adalah bentuk-bentuk Present Perfect dengan kata kerja to work.
Tunggal | Jamak | |
Afirmatif | I have worked You have worked He has worked She has worked It has worked | We have worked You have worked They have worked |
Negatif | I haven’t worked (haven’t = have not) You haven’t worked He hasn’t worked She hasn’t worked It hasn’t worked | We haven’t worked You haven’t worked They haven’t worked |
Interogatif | Have I worked? Have you worked? Has he worked? Has she worked? Has it worked? | Have I worked? Have you worked? Have they worked? |
Berikut beberapa kegunaan Present Perfect. Perlu selalu diingat bahwa untuk semua poin berikut tujuan utama yakni menghubungkan masa lampau dan masa sekarang adalah sama.
A. Masa lampau yang menginformasikan masa sekarang
1. Present Perfect Tense digunakan untuk memberikan informasi masa lampau yang relevan dengan keadaan sekarang. Contoh:
- Have you been shopping? Yes, I went this morning.
2. Present Perfect Tense digunakan untuk menghubungkan pengalaman masa lampau. Contoh:
- Have you been to Italy?
- No, I haven’t been there.
3. Present Perfect Tense digunakan untuk pencapaian/prestasi. Contoh:
- James has won first prize for math.
B. Masa lampau sampai masa sekarang
1. Present Perfect digunakan untuk menunjukkan perubahan dari masa lampau sampai masa sekarang.
- John’s English wasn’t very good, but he’s got much better.
2. Present Perfect digunakan untuk sebuah situasi atau tindakan yang bermula di masa lampau dan masih terus berlanjut sampai sekarang. Kita umum menggunakan for dan since pada situasi-situasi seperti ini. Contoh:
- John has lived in Boston for 5 years.
- He has (He’s) been a lawyer for 12 years.
- We’ve been to England 4 times.
4. Present Perfect digunakan untuk sebuah periode waktu yang dimulai di masa lampau tetapi masih terus berlanjut sampai sekarang.
- I’ve studied at the library every day this week.
Waktu pasti dan tak pasti
Salah satu aturan mudah tentang Present Perfect adalah tenses ini tidak bisa digunakan bersama dengan waktu pasti (definite time). Contoh:
- I’ve been on vacation. Benar
- I went on vacation last month. Benar
- I’ve been on vacation last month. Tidak benar
Sebagai aturan umum: Jika waktu pasti di masa lampau penting, gunakan Present Simple – Jika waktu pasti di masa lampau tidak penting, gunakan Present Perfect. Contoh:
- I went to Paris last year. – Yang menjadi fokus adala masa lampau
- I’ve been to Paris. – Yang menjadi fokus adalah bagaimana pengalaman di Paris mempengaruhi masa sekarang.
- I haven’t had a vacation recently.
- I haven’t had a vacation this year. (Benar) – Tahun ini belum habis, jadi Present Perfect digunakan untuk waktu yang terus berlanjut dari masa lalu sampai sekarang.
- I haven’t had a vacation last year. Tidak benar
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