Sunday, 22 April 2012
03:39 | Posted by
Jendela Ilmu |
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Have you ever…?
Have you ever…? merupakan struktur umum yang digunakan untuk menanyakan tentang pengalaman masa lampau. Contoh:
- Have you ever met a famous person?
- Have you ever flown in a plane?
- Have you ever won a competition?
- Haven’t you ever done this before?
Ever berarti “pada waktu kapan saja”, waktu spesifik tidak diketahui atau tidak penting.
Ever digunakan dalam pertanyaan, lihat “Have you ever…? diatas.
Ever juga digunakan bersama nothing, nobody dan sebagainya untuk hal-hal yang belum terjadi sebelumnya Contoh:
- Nobody has ever travelled through time.
- That window’s been broken for months, but nothing has ever been done about it.
- This is the first time I’ve been abroad.
- Is this your first time on a plane?
- This is the first time I’ve ever eaten dog soup.
Never
Never pada dasarnya merupakan singkat dari “not ever”. Digunakan bersama Present Perfect tense, never berarti subjek belum mengalami pengalaman tertentu sebelumnya. Contoh:
- Have you ever been abroad? No, I’ve never been abroad.
- Have you ever been on a plane before? No, I’ve never been on a plane.
- Have you never eaten this before?
- Have you never played soccer?
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03:38 | Posted by
Jendela Ilmu |
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Present Perfect Tense digunakan untuk menghubungkan masa lampau dengan masa sekarang. Kegunaan utamanya adalah untuk menunjukkan relevansi tindakan atau situasi masa lampau dengan kondisi sekarang. Contoh:
- John has gone home (telah pulang ke rumah)
Bentuk
Present Perfect dibuat dengan have/has (kata kerja bantu “to have”) dan past participle (kata kerja bentuk ke-3). Contoh:
- I have worked in London.
- She has worked in a bank.
Berikut adalah bentuk-bentuk Present Perfect dengan kata kerja to work.
| Tunggal | Jamak | |
| Afirmatif | I have worked You have worked He has worked She has worked It has worked | We have worked You have worked They have worked |
| Negatif | I haven’t worked (haven’t = have not) You haven’t worked He hasn’t worked She hasn’t worked It hasn’t worked | We haven’t worked You haven’t worked They haven’t worked |
| Interogatif | Have I worked? Have you worked? Has he worked? Has she worked? Has it worked? | Have I worked? Have you worked? Have they worked? |
Berikut beberapa kegunaan Present Perfect. Perlu selalu diingat bahwa untuk semua poin berikut tujuan utama yakni menghubungkan masa lampau dan masa sekarang adalah sama.
A. Masa lampau yang menginformasikan masa sekarang
1. Present Perfect Tense digunakan untuk memberikan informasi masa lampau yang relevan dengan keadaan sekarang. Contoh:
- Have you been shopping? Yes, I went this morning.
2. Present Perfect Tense digunakan untuk menghubungkan pengalaman masa lampau. Contoh:
- Have you been to Italy?
- No, I haven’t been there.
3. Present Perfect Tense digunakan untuk pencapaian/prestasi. Contoh:
- James has won first prize for math.
B. Masa lampau sampai masa sekarang
1. Present Perfect digunakan untuk menunjukkan perubahan dari masa lampau sampai masa sekarang.
- John’s English wasn’t very good, but he’s got much better.
2. Present Perfect digunakan untuk sebuah situasi atau tindakan yang bermula di masa lampau dan masih terus berlanjut sampai sekarang. Kita umum menggunakan for dan since pada situasi-situasi seperti ini. Contoh:
- John has lived in Boston for 5 years.
- He has (He’s) been a lawyer for 12 years.
- We’ve been to England 4 times.
4. Present Perfect digunakan untuk sebuah periode waktu yang dimulai di masa lampau tetapi masih terus berlanjut sampai sekarang.
- I’ve studied at the library every day this week.
Waktu pasti dan tak pasti
Salah satu aturan mudah tentang Present Perfect adalah tenses ini tidak bisa digunakan bersama dengan waktu pasti (definite time). Contoh:
- I’ve been on vacation. Benar
- I went on vacation last month. Benar
- I’ve been on vacation last month. Tidak benar
Sebagai aturan umum: Jika waktu pasti di masa lampau penting, gunakan Present Simple – Jika waktu pasti di masa lampau tidak penting, gunakan Present Perfect. Contoh:
- I went to Paris last year. – Yang menjadi fokus adala masa lampau
- I’ve been to Paris. – Yang menjadi fokus adalah bagaimana pengalaman di Paris mempengaruhi masa sekarang.
- I haven’t had a vacation recently.
- I haven’t had a vacation this year. (Benar) – Tahun ini belum habis, jadi Present Perfect digunakan untuk waktu yang terus berlanjut dari masa lalu sampai sekarang.
- I haven’t had a vacation last year. Tidak benar
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03:37 | Posted by
Jendela Ilmu |
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Kata keterangan tingkat menunjukkan seberapa banyak atau sejauh mana sesuatu terjadi. Contoh:
- Mike is a very good student.
- I’m quite excited about my interview tomorrow.
almost, completely, enough, extremely, hardly, just, nearly, pretty, quite, too, scarcely, so, such, very.
Kata keterangan tingkat (adverb of degree) biasanya ditempatkan sebelum kata sifat (adjective), kata keterangan (adverb), atau kata benda yang akan ditunjukkan tingkatnya. Contoh:
- That test was extremely difficult.
- You did pretty well in that test.
- I almost got an ‘A’ in our test.
Enough berarti jumlah atau tingkat yang memuaskan. Contoh:
- I’m so busy, I haven’t got enough time.
- Do you have enough potatoes?
- This jacket isn’t big enough for me.
- She speaks English well enough to go to an American university.
- We have enough money to buy our own apartment.
- This job isn’t good enough for her.
- We have enough time for a quick lunch.
- She’s old enough to drive a car.
- We have enough time to eat some lunch.
Too berarti lebih dari cukup, jumlah atau tingkat yang berlebihan. Contoh:
- This room is too hot.
- He eats too quickly.
- This book is too simple for me
- Our apartment is too small for us.
- This book is too easy to study.
- Our apartment is too small to live in.
Very berarti sesuatu dilakukan sampai tingkat yang tinggi, biasanya faktual. Contoh:
- He finishes his work very quickly.
- He finishes his work too quickly.
absolutely, acutely, amply, astonishingly, awfully, certainly, considerably, cruel, dearly, decidedly, deeply, eminently, emphatically, exaggeratedly, exceedingly, excessively, extensively, extraordinarily, extremely, greatly, highly, incredibly, indispensably, largely, notably, noticeably, particularly, positively, powerfully, pressingly, pretty, prodigiously, profoundly, really, remarkably, substantially, superlatively, surpassingly, surprisingly, terribly, truly, uncommonly, unusually, vastly, wonderfully.
(Quoted from Roget’s New Millennium¢รข Thesaurus, First Edition)
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